The five key areas of Cell Biology are:
- Cell Structure and Function
- Transport across the Cell Membrane
- Cell Division
- Therapeutic uses of Cells
- Cell Culture
Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Structure and Function
- Transport across the Cell Membrane
- Cell Division
- Therapeutic uses of Cells
- Cell Culture
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure Powerpoint used in class | |
File Size: | 4661 kb |
File Type: | ppt |
- Cells are the basic units of all living things
- Stains are used to make structure of cells show up more clearly under a microscope
- Cells contain organelles which have their own separate functions
- The structures of plant and animal cells are different and you should be able to name the parts of these cells
- Bacterial cells are different from plant and animals as they have no organelles which have membranes and their cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose
- Fungi have a cell wall which is not made of cellulose
- Bacteria have plasmids and circular DNA
- You must know the function of cell parts
- Specialised cells are cells which have a structure suited to their function
Transport across the Cell Membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane Powerpoint - Slideshow used in class to teach this unit | |
File Size: | 722 kb |
File Type: | pptx |
Success Criteria for this Sub-Unit:
1. Cell membranes are made of lipids with protein molecules scattered between.
2. This structure is called the fluid mosaic model as the proteins are scattered among the phospholipids and the proteins can move.
3. Some substances can move in and out of the cell membrane while others cannot.
4. Diffusion is the movement of substances down the concentration gradient.
5. Diffusion needs no energy.
6. Substances in high concentration outside the cell and needed by the cell enter by diffusion.
7. Cells need oxygen, glucose and amino acids and produce carbon dioxide.
8.. Osmosis is the movement of water from high to low concentration across a semi permeable membrane.
9.. Water enters a cell by osmosis down the water concentration gradient.
10. If water enters a plant cell by osmosis it becomes turgid.
11. If water leaves a plant cell by osmosis it becomes plasmolysed.
12. If water enters an animal cell by osmosis it may burst.
13. If water leaves an animal cell by osmosis it will shrink
14. When potato is placed in water, the water enters and the potato gets bigger.
15. If a potato is placed in a strong salt solution there is more water in the potato cells so water leaves the potato and it shrinks.
16.. Active transport is when a substance moves across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient, carried by a protein molecule. It needs energy.
Sodium and potassium move in and out of a nerve cell by active transport.
17. Both active transport, osmosis and diffusion involve substances moving across the cell membrane.
18. Active transport unlike diffusion is movement up the concentration gradient and it needs energy.
19. Active transport involves protein molecules which carry the substances across and act as a ‘pump’.
1. Cell membranes are made of lipids with protein molecules scattered between.
2. This structure is called the fluid mosaic model as the proteins are scattered among the phospholipids and the proteins can move.
3. Some substances can move in and out of the cell membrane while others cannot.
4. Diffusion is the movement of substances down the concentration gradient.
5. Diffusion needs no energy.
6. Substances in high concentration outside the cell and needed by the cell enter by diffusion.
7. Cells need oxygen, glucose and amino acids and produce carbon dioxide.
8.. Osmosis is the movement of water from high to low concentration across a semi permeable membrane.
9.. Water enters a cell by osmosis down the water concentration gradient.
10. If water enters a plant cell by osmosis it becomes turgid.
11. If water leaves a plant cell by osmosis it becomes plasmolysed.
12. If water enters an animal cell by osmosis it may burst.
13. If water leaves an animal cell by osmosis it will shrink
14. When potato is placed in water, the water enters and the potato gets bigger.
15. If a potato is placed in a strong salt solution there is more water in the potato cells so water leaves the potato and it shrinks.
16.. Active transport is when a substance moves across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient, carried by a protein molecule. It needs energy.
Sodium and potassium move in and out of a nerve cell by active transport.
17. Both active transport, osmosis and diffusion involve substances moving across the cell membrane.
18. Active transport unlike diffusion is movement up the concentration gradient and it needs energy.
19. Active transport involves protein molecules which carry the substances across and act as a ‘pump’.
Cell Division - Producing New Cells using Mitosis
Cell division is essential to organisms
Cell division increases the number of cells present :
- Single celled organisms, e.g. bacteria, use cell division as a form of reproduction
- In multi cellular organisms, cell division is used for growth and repair
o Body cells have 2 sets of chromosomes and are diploid.
o Cells which have only 1 set of chromosomes are haploid.
o Gametes such as sperm and egg are haploid.
o Cheek cells, white blood cells and bone cells are diploid.
o A zygote and embryo are diploid.
o A haploid sperm and a haploid egg fuse to form a diploid zygote which goes on to divide by mitosis.
o Cell division by mitosis keeps the chromosome number (complement) the same.
o Cell division by mitosis allows organisms to grow, replace and repair.
o The nucleus contains chromosomes and controls the cell activities.
o Cells require 2 sets of chromosomes so they can have a full set of information for complete cell function.
o During cell division (mitosis), the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells
o The daughter cells produced contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
This means the daughter cells are able to carry out the same functions as the parent cell
o Stages of mitosis-
o The chromosomes (DNA strands) make copies of themselves.
o The 2 copies are called chromatids and they line up on the equator of the cell.
o Spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart to opposite poles.
o The cytoplasm divides and the nuclear membrane reforms.
o 2 separate identical cells are formed.
o Cell culture allows the growing of cells in a dish in a lab.
o To produce cells by cell culture, aseptic techniques, the correct medium, pH, temperature and oxygen levels are needed.
o Aseptic techniques- lab coat to be worn, hands washed before and after, work surfaces disinfected before and after, all equipment and media sterilised, inoculating loops flamed before and after, Petri dish lids only opened when needed and then sealed and all used plates disposed of when finished in a plastic bag to be autoclaved.
o Cells can be grown in agar or broth as mediums.
o A fermenter is a container used to grow cells. Oxygen, temperature and pH are controlled, substrates enters and products are removed.
o Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of a cell through many cell divisions
o The cancer cells join to form a tumour
o Cancer can be inherited. It is also caused by environmental factors and lifestyle choices e.g. smoking
Cell division increases the number of cells present :
- Single celled organisms, e.g. bacteria, use cell division as a form of reproduction
- In multi cellular organisms, cell division is used for growth and repair
o Body cells have 2 sets of chromosomes and are diploid.
o Cells which have only 1 set of chromosomes are haploid.
o Gametes such as sperm and egg are haploid.
o Cheek cells, white blood cells and bone cells are diploid.
o A zygote and embryo are diploid.
o A haploid sperm and a haploid egg fuse to form a diploid zygote which goes on to divide by mitosis.
o Cell division by mitosis keeps the chromosome number (complement) the same.
o Cell division by mitosis allows organisms to grow, replace and repair.
o The nucleus contains chromosomes and controls the cell activities.
o Cells require 2 sets of chromosomes so they can have a full set of information for complete cell function.
o During cell division (mitosis), the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells
o The daughter cells produced contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
This means the daughter cells are able to carry out the same functions as the parent cell
o Stages of mitosis-
o The chromosomes (DNA strands) make copies of themselves.
o The 2 copies are called chromatids and they line up on the equator of the cell.
o Spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart to opposite poles.
o The cytoplasm divides and the nuclear membrane reforms.
o 2 separate identical cells are formed.
o Cell culture allows the growing of cells in a dish in a lab.
o To produce cells by cell culture, aseptic techniques, the correct medium, pH, temperature and oxygen levels are needed.
o Aseptic techniques- lab coat to be worn, hands washed before and after, work surfaces disinfected before and after, all equipment and media sterilised, inoculating loops flamed before and after, Petri dish lids only opened when needed and then sealed and all used plates disposed of when finished in a plastic bag to be autoclaved.
o Cells can be grown in agar or broth as mediums.
o A fermenter is a container used to grow cells. Oxygen, temperature and pH are controlled, substrates enters and products are removed.
o Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of a cell through many cell divisions
o The cancer cells join to form a tumour
o Cancer can be inherited. It is also caused by environmental factors and lifestyle choices e.g. smoking